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Bell's palsy
Bell's palsy (or facial palsy) is characterized by facial drooping on the affected half, due to malfunction of the facial nerve (VII cranial nerve), which controls the muscles of the face. Named after Scottish anatomist Charles Bell, who first described it, Bell's palsy is the most common acute mononeuropathy (disease involving only one nerve), and is the most common cause of acute facial nerve paralysis. The paralysis is of the infranuclear/lower motor neuron type. Bell’s palsy affects about 40,000 people in the United States every year. It affects approximately 1 person in 65 during a lifetime. Until recently, its cause was unknown, but it has now been related to both Lyme disease and Herpes Zoster in some, but not the majority, of cases.
Investigation
Clinicians should determine whether all branches of the facial nerve are involved, or whether the forehead muscles are spared. Since these receive innervation from both sides of the brain, the forehead can still be wrinkled by a patient whose facial palsy is caused by a problem in the brain rather than in the facial nerve itself.
Facial palsy is typified by inability to control movement in the facial muscles. The nerve CN-VII becomes constricted by an inflammation of the nerve sheath that is often caused by a viral or a bacterial infection. Recent research from as early as 1995 conducted in Japan indicates up to 70% of the cases are influenced by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). As a result of the inflammation, the facial muscles become weak or paralyzed. There is no specific treatment for Bell's palsy but doctors usually recommend a course of an anti-viral such as famciclovir or valaciclovir accompanied by a steroid anti-inflammatory such as prednisone. It typically subsides on its own within 2-3 weeks in 50% of the cases, and full recovery can be expected from 3 months to a year in all other cases. Rarely, the symptoms will persist for several years.
Diagnosis
Bell's palsy is a diagnosis of exclusion; in many cases, no specific cause can be ascertained.
Pathology
As a result of inflammation of the facial nerve, pressure is produced on the nerve where it exits the skull within its bony canal, blocking the transmission of neural signals. Patients with facial palsy for which an underlying cause can be readily found are not generally considered to have Bell's palsy per se. These underlying problems include tumor, meningitis, stroke, diabetes mellitus, head trauma and inflammatory diseases of the cranial nerves (sarcoidosis, brucellosis, etc.) In these conditions, the neurologic findings are rarely restricted to the facial nerve. Babies can be born with facial palsy, and they exhibit many of the same symptoms as people with Bell's palsy; this is often due to a traumatic birth which causes irreparable damage to the facial nerve, i.e. acute facial nerve paralysis.
One disease that may be difficult to exclude in the differential diagnosis is involvement of the facial nerve in infections with the herpes zoster virus. The major differences in this condition are the presence of small blisters, or vesicles, of the external ear and hearing disturbances, but these findings may occasionally be lacking.
In recent years, two new suspects have been added to the possible causes of Bell's palsy. Lyme disease may produce the typical palsy, and may be easily diagnosed by looking for Lyme-specific antibodies in the blood. In endemic areas Lyme disease may be the most common cause of facial palsy. The subsequent observation of an increased incidence of antibodies to the Herpes simplex virus in patients with Bell's palsy has led many specialists to believe that this agent is the most likely underlying cause in areas where Lyme disease is uncommon.
In traditional Chinese medicine, considered an alternative medicine in the West, Bell's palsy is attributed to a "wind cold" attack brought about by exposure to wind.[1]
Epidemiology
Bell's Palsy is three times more likely to strike pregnant women than non-pregnant women.[2] It is also considered to be four times more likely to occur in diabetics than the general population,[3] and it is more common in young adults.[citation needed]
Treatment
Treatment is a matter of controversy. In patients presenting with incomplete facial palsy, where the prognosis for recovery is very good, treatment may be unnecessary. However, patients presenting with complete paralysis, marked by an inability to close the eyes and mouth on the involved side, are usually treated with anti-inflammatory corticosteroids. Prednisolone, a corticosteroid, if used early in treatment of Bell's palsy, significantly improves the chances of complete recovery at 3 and 9 months when compared to treatment with acyclovir, an anti-viral drug, or no treatment at all. The likely association of Bell's palsy with the herpes virus has led most American neurologists to prescribe a course of anti-viral medication (such as acyclovir) to all patients with unexplained facial palsy, although this large study showed no additional benefit from acyclovir beyond that from prednisolone alone.[4] Surgical procedures to decompress the facial nerve have been attempted, but have not been proven beneficial. Acupuncture has also been studied, with inconclusive results.[5]
People who think they may have Bell's Palsy should consult their doctor as soon as possible. Many times, the medications will not be effective if administered too late after the onset. Ideally, corticosteroids should be started within 72 hours of the onset of weakness.
Although most patients (60–80%) recover completely from Bell's palsy within several weeks, some require several months, and others may be left with deficits of varying degrees. In the end, even without treatment, about 85% of patients have a complete recovery or are left with minimal weakness.
Complications
Major complications of the condition are chronic loss of taste (ageusia), chronic facial spasm and corneal infections. To prevent the latter, the eyes may be protected by covers, or taped shut during sleep and for rest periods, and tear-like eye drops or eye ointments may be recommended, especially for cases with complete paralysis. Where the eye does not close completely, the reflex is also affected; great care should be taken to protect the eye from injury.
Another complication can occur in case of incomplete or erroneous regeneration of the damaged facial nerve. The nerve can be thought of as a bundle of smaller individual nerve connections which branch out to their proper destinations. During regrowth, nerves are generally able to track the original path to the right destination - but some nerves may sidetrack leading to a condition known as synkinesis. For instance, regrowth of nerves controlling muscles attached to the eye may sidetrack and also regrow connections reaching the muscles of the mouth. In this way, movement of one also affects the other. For example, when the person closes the eye, the corner of the mouth will lift, or when smiling, the eye will close (synkinesis).
In addition, around 6% of patients exhibit crocodile tear syndrome on recovery, where they will shed tears while eating. This is thought to be due to faulty regeneration of the facial nerve, a branch of which controls the lacrimal and salivary glands.
Famous persons with Bell's palsy
Well-known persons affected by Bell's palsy include:
· Pierce Brosnan, Irish actor and producer[6]
· Jean Chrétien, former prime minister of Canada[7]
· George Clooney, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter[8]
· Graeme Garden, British comedy writer and performer, who has written about his experiences with the condition[9]
· Tony Gonzalez, American NFL football player.[10]
· Amy Goodman, American Journalist and Author
· Ralph Kiner, American baseball player in the 1940s and 1950s[11]
· Danny Louis, musician and member of Gov't Mule.[12]
· Ralph Nader, American author, activist, politician[6]
· Jim Ross, professional wrestling announcer for WWE[13]
· Rick Savage, British musician and bassist for Def Leppard[6]
· Jamey Sheridan, American actor. His condition was written into the show Law and Order: Criminal Intent and his character Captain James Deakins also had Bell's palsy. [14]
· Joseph C. Wilson, American diplomat[1]
· Stevie Benton, bassist for heavy metal band Drowning Pool [2]
References
1. ^ Pao, Fay-Meling von Moltke. (July 2005). "Bell's Palsy" (Online newsletter). Points, July 2005, Vol. 3, No. 7, via accupuncture.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-06.
2. ^ Bender, Paula Gillingham. "Facing Bell's Palsy while pregnant." (Commercial website). Sheknows: Pregnancy and Baby. Retrieved on 2007-09-06.
3. ^ "Bell's Palsy InfoSite & Forums: Facial Paralysis FAQs" (Website). Bell's Palsy Information Site. Retrieved on 2007-09-06.
4. ^ Sullivan FM, Swan IRC, Donnan PT, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1598-1607.
5. ^ He, L., D. Zhou, B. Wu, N. Li, and M.K. Zhou. (2004). "Acupuncture for Bell's palsy." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD002914. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002914.pub2. Retrieved on 2007-09-06.
6. ^ a b c Sussman, Paul. (2006-03-28.) "Health: Losing face." The London Indepenent, via findarticles.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
7. ^ (2000-11-28.) "Jean Chretien: Veteran fighter." BBC News website. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
8. ^ (2006-02-16.) "CNN.com Transcripts: Larry King Live, Interview with George Clooney." CNN.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
9. ^ Puttick, Helen. (2004-07-20.) "Pioneering research looks to solve mystery and ease misery for Bell's palsy sufferers" The Herald (Glasgow), p. 4, via LexisNexis.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
10. ^ Glazer, Jay. "Gonzalez happy to be alive." Fox Sports website. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
11. ^ (1998-04-01.) "Baseball: Kiner fighting Bell's palsy." The New York Times Archives via nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
12. ^ Koht, Peter"Gov't Mule variations: Try as it may, fate can't moe. down the mule." metroactive via metroactive.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
13. ^ Baines, Tim. (2005-10-16.) "An intimate look at WWE diva Victoria." (Website.) Slam Sports Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
14. ^ Owen, Rob. (2005-05-20.) "TV Q&A with Rob Owen." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette via post-gazettenow website. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
A and protein.
The roots have also been used medicinally as an astringent, tonic, and laxative.[3]
References
1. ^ Richard H. Uva, Joseph C. Neal and Joseph M. Ditomaso, Weeds of The Northeast, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), Pp. 286-287.
2. ^ Lee Allen Peterson, Edible Wild Plants, (New York City: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977), p. 154.
3. ^ A Modern Herbal: Docks