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A breath of fresh air
While people can spend up to 90% of their time indoors, they probably don't think much about the quality of the inside air they breathe. Many don't realize that it can actually be more polluted than outdoor air.
Respiratory illnesses from airborne contaminants are a common problem in indoor environments. Many natural fungi and bacteria are present. Pet hair and dander, cigarette and wood smoke, cleaning chemicals, and emissions from appliances all reduce the purity of indoor air. Dry, hot air worsens the effects of indoor pollution, triggering breathing difficulties -- especially for the young, the elderly, and those with asthma, emphysema, allergies, and lung disease.
Being aware of the sources of indoor air pollution can help reduce the problem, and a number of air filtration and purification products can help ensure cleaner air. So read on -- and breathe easy.
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Air Humidifiers and Vaporizers
Humidifiers can produce warm or cool air. Warm air may aid the breathing of people with chronic problems like asthma, emphysema, allergies, and lung disease. Cool-air humidity can produce a cool, refreshing contrast to stuffy indoor air. Ultimately, it's a question of personal preference. Some people prefer cool-mist humidifiers in the summer and warm-mist humidifiers in the winter.
Humidity levels between 40% and 50% are generally best. Anything below 30% can be uncomfortable. Indoor humidity levels can be measured with a hydrometer, an inexpensive device you can buy at any hardware store.
Note: because they may reduce some indoor pollutants through condensation, absorption, and other mechanisms, humidifiers and vaporizers can technically be considered air purifiers as well. However, only their humidifying function is considered here.
Types of Air Humidifiers/Vaporizers
Models of humidifiers/vaporizers available include the following:
- Ultrasonic: create a cool mist by means of ultrasonic sound vibrations.
- Impeller: produce a cool mist using a high-speed rotating disc. Best used in small areas.
- Evaporative: invisibly humidifies the air by blowing air through a moistened absorbent material, like a filter or wick.
- Vaporizer: create steam by heating water via a heating element. Eucalyptus inhalant can be added to a vaporizer.
Buying a Humidifier or Vaporizer
Before purchasing a humidifier or vaporizer, consider the following factors:
- The potential effectiveness of the device under the conditions it will be placed. A smaller, cheaper device might sufficiently humidify a small room compared to a larger, more expensive device. Select the right size machine by knowing the dimensions of the room it will be used in.
- The need for routine maintenance, including cleaning and filter replacement. Some inexpensive devices may require more maintenance and more frequent filter changing.
- The cost of the machine and replacement filters. Generally, the most effective machines are also the most costly. The cost of replacement filters can be significant.
- Whether the humidifier/vaporizer allows eucalyptus extract/liquid remedies to be used (if this feature interests you).
- The manufacturer's operating instructions. Is the machine easy to use? Are the instructions clear? Do they provide useful information?
Air Purifiers
Types of air purifiers
Air purifiers come in three types: mechanical filters, electronic air filters, and ion generators. Depending on the intended use, one type may be better than another:
- Mechanical filters: operate by pushing air through a filter via a fan. Most "flat" filters (like the ones found in air conditioning systems) trap large particles but capture only a small portion of breathable particles. However, a special type of filter, a HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filter, is one of the most effective means available for cleaning air.
- Electronic air filters: use electrostatic precipitators or charged-media filters to electrically attract particles from the airstream. Either portable units or air conditioning units are available.
- Ion generators: work by dispersing negatively or positively charged ions into the air. When the ions attach to particles in the air, the negative or positive charge causes the particles to settle out of the air, attaching onto nearby walls or furniture. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has stated that this type of filter is less effective against dust, pollen, tobacco smoke, pollen, and fungal spores than HEPA filters.
Buying an Air Purifier
Before purchasing an air cleaner, consider the following:
- The potential effectiveness of the cleaner under the conditions it will be placed. Some air filters are not suitable for some uses. For example, only the very best air cleaners appear to be useful for tobacco smoke.
- The need for routine maintenance, including cleaning and filter replacement. Some inexpensive cleaners may require more maintenance.
- The cost of the machine and replacement filters. Generally, the most effective machines are also the most costly. The cost of replacement filters can be substantial.
- The manufacturer's operating instructions. Is the machine easy to use? Are the instructions clear? Do they provide useful information?
Indoor Air Quality
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends the following three steps (listed in order of effectiveness) for improving indoor air quality:
- Source control: seeks to eliminate sources of pollutants or reduce their emissions. The most effective way to combat indoor air pollution, it involves identifying the following possible pollution sources:
- combustion sources (oil, natural gas, kerosene, wood, and tobacco products)
- building materials and furnishings (deteriorated, asbestos-containing insulation, wet or damp carpet, and cabinetry or furniture made of certain pressed wood products)
- products for household cleaning and maintenance, personal care, and hobbies
- central heating and cooling systems and humidification devices
- outdoor sources like radon, pesticides, and air pollution
- Ventilation: brings outside air inside. You can ventilate your home by frequently opening windows and doors, turning on bathroom and kitchen fans, and turning on your air conditioning/heating system's fan.
- Air cleaning: involves the use of portable air purifiers like the ones described in this section. Air purifiers should be used in addition to the above methods for reducing indoor pollution.
Ozone-Creating Air Purifiers
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) investigated the usefulness and safety of portable ozone-producing air purifiers. The manufacturers of these products claim that ozone combines with dangerous, unpleasant-smelling substances and chemically alters them into harmless substances with no odor characteristics. However, the EPA reports that ozone takes years to work and may result in the formation of dangerous by-products. Additionally, ozone is not effective against dust and pollens, the particles most responsible for allergies. The EPA concluded, "available scientific evidence shows that, at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is generally ineffective in controlling indoor air pollution."
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Humidifiers and Vaporizers
Humidifiers and vaporizers may be most useful for people with the following medical conditions:
- asthma
- emphysema
- allergies
- lung disease
- common cold or flu
Additionally, the young and the elderly are more susceptible to respiratory irritants, and may benefit from the use of a humidifier or vaporizer. People living in dry climates may also notice a reduction in respiratory symptoms with the use of these devices.
The sinus passages are designed to warm and moisturize air before it reaches the lungs. Warm, damp air helps the respiratory process. Studies show that dry, hot climates are more likely to cause respiratory symptoms (e.g., dryness, difficulty breathing).
Humidifiers are commonly used in homes to relieve the physical discomforts of dry nose, throat, lips, and skin. Moist air can help relieve dry winter coughs, congestion, and colds. Additionally, the moisture they add to dry air may reduce problems caused by winter heating, including static electricity, peeling wallpaper, and cracks in paint and furniture.
Besides restoring air moisture, cool-mist humidifiers can also be used on warm days to restore a fresh, cool sensation to breathing. This may reduce allergy symptoms.
Eucalyptus extract can be added to the reservoir of some vaporizers. Also, liquid medications like Vicks VapoSteam can be added to some vaporizers. This provides a moist, minty air quality that can help soothe the airway passages and reduce dry cough. When purchasing a vaporizer, check the package information to see if the machine is compatible with extracts or medications.
Purifiers
Air purifiers may be most useful for people with the following medical conditions:
- asthma
- emphysema
- allergies
- lung disease
Because the elderly and the young are especially sensitive to airborne irritants, they especially might benefit from the use of an air purifier.
Air purifiers should be used as a part of a comprehensive effort to reduce indoor pollution that includes reducing pollution sources and ventilating your home adequately. Portable air cleaners can be used in bathrooms, at the bedside, in cars, boats, and in pet areas. Scientific studies have shown mixed results about the effectiveness of purifiers. Ask your doctor if he or she feels you might benefit from an air purifier.
Air Humidifiers and Vaporizers
- Follow the manufacturer's instructions for operation and routine cleaning procedures. If a disinfection procedure is not specified, use water with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide. Be sure to rinse the disinfected areas thoroughly to prevent the dispersion of chemicals.
- Empty the tank, wipe all surfaces dry, and refill the water in portable humidifiers daily. Be sure to unplug the machine from the electrical outlet first.
- Clean the humidifier every third day, using a brush or scrubber to remove scales, deposits, or film on the inside surface of the tank.
- Fill the reservoir using bottled water labelled "distilled." Humidifiers tend to disperse unwanted minerals from tap water into the air. Also consider using demineralization cartridges, cassettes, or filters if supplied or recommended for use with your humidifier.
- Keep steam vaporizers out of the reach of children.
- Do not permit the area around the humidifier to become damp or wet. If the surrounding area does become damp even on the lowest setting, turn on the machine only intermittently. Damp surfaces (e.g., furniture, carpets, drapes) will encourage the growth of unwanted microorganisms.
- Stop using your humidifier and contact your physician if you begin to have breathing problems, even if you are following the manufacturer's instructions.
Air Purifiers
- Follow the manufacturer's instructions for operation and periodic maintenance and cleaning.
- Replace the filter as frequently as indicated by the manufacturer. Generally, air purifiers require frequent cleaning and filter placement to function properly.
- Place the air purifier properly:
- If possible, it should be near the pollution source (e.g., appliance, pet bed, fireplace).
- The purifier should direct its clean, filtered air into occupied areas.
- Make sure that furniture, walls, drapes, or other items do not block the inlet or outlet.
- Stop using your air purifier and contact your physician if you begin to have breathing problems, even if you are following the manufacturer's instructions.
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Humidifiers and Vaporizers
- Organisms can collect in humidifiers, especially the ultrasonic and impeller types. This can cause them to circulate contaminated air, possibly leading to a rare condition called "humidifier lung," or hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
- Carefully follow the manufacturer's guidelines for periodically cleaning the water reservoir of your humidifier to prevent the buildup of fungi and bacteria.
- Stop using your humidifier and contact your physician if you begin to have breathing problems, even if you are following the manufacturer's instructions.
- Children can burn themselves on steam vaporizers. Read and follow the manufacturer's warnings for preventing accidental steam burns. Keep steam vaporizers out of the reach of children.
Ozone-creating Air Purifiers
Ozone is a volatile gas that can cause cellular damage in large quantities. When inhaled, ozone can damage the lungs and hamper the body's ability to fight infection. Though most ozone-creating air purifiers produce well below the limits set by the EPA, ozone concentrations can vary. Discontinue using your ozone-creating air purifier and see your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms:
- chest pain
- coughing
- shortness of breath
- throat irritation
- worsening chronic respiratory diseases like asthma or emphysema
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Websites, Organizations & Manufacturers
- The Environmental Protection Agency
IAQ INFO
P.O. Box 37133
Washington, DC 20013-7133
(800) 438-4318 or (703) 356-4020
Fax: (703) 356-5386
E-mail: iaqinfo@aol.com - U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Washington, DC 20207
(800) 638-2772
E-mail: info@cpsc.gov - U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
- Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy
1000 Independence Ave., SW
Washington, DC 20585 - Conservation and Renewable Energy Inquiry and Referral Service (CAREIRS)
P.O. Box 3048
Merrifield, VA 22116
(800) 523-2929 - U.S. Public Health Service
Division of Federal Occupational Health
Office on Environmental Hygiene, Region III, Room 1310
3535 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
(215) 596-1888
Fax: (215) 596-5024 - California Poison Control System, San Francisco Division
San Francisco General Hospital
1001 Potrero Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94110
Administrative Phone: (415) 502-6000
Fax: (415) 502-6010 or (415) 502-6060
E-mail: pcctk@itsa.ucsf.edu - Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM)
20 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, IL 60606
(312) 984-5800, ext. 308 - World Health Organization (WHO)
Publications Center
49 Sheridan Avenue
Albany, NY 12210 - Your Local American Lung Association (ALA)
National ALA Headquarters
1740 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(800) LUNG-USA
Sources & Further Reading
Books
1. Fauci, Anthony J. et. al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
Find more books on health and wellness at  barnesandnoble.com.
Articles
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. "The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality." (EPA Document #402-K-93-007) April 1995.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Indoor Air Facts No. 7: Residential Air Cleaners." (EPA Document #20A-4001) February 1990.
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Indoor Air Facts No. 8: Use and Care of Home Humidifiers." February 1991.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Residential Air Cleaning Devices: A Summary of Available Information." (EPA Document #400/1-90-002) February 1990.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners." April 1998.
7. Koenig, JQ. "Indoor and Outdoor Pollutants and the Upper Respiratory Tract." J Allergy Clin Immunol. 81(5):1055-9 (Pt. 2). 1988 May.
8. Li, CS, Hsu, LY. "Airborne Fungus Allergen in Association with Residential Characteristics in Atopic and Control Children in a Subtropical Region." Arch Environ Health. 52(1):72-79. 1997 Jan-Feb.
9. van Houdt, JJ, Daenen CM, Boleij, JS, Alink, GM. "Contribution of Wood Stoves and Fire Places to Mutagenic Activity of Airborne Particulate Matter Inside Homes." Mutat Res. 171(2-3):91-98. 1986 Aug-Sep.
10. Wanner, HU. "Sources of Pollutants in Indoor Air." IARC Sci Publ. 109:19-30. 1993.
11. Leopold, DA. "Pullution: The Nose and Sinuses." Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 106(6):713-9. 1992 Jun.
12. Nelson, HS, Skufca, RM. "Double-Blind Study of Suppression of Indoor Fungi and Bacteria by the PuriDyne Biogenic Air Purifier." Ann Allergy. 66(3):263-6. 1991 Mar.
13. Norstrom, K, Norback, D, Akselsson, R. "Effect of Air Humidification on the Sick Building Syndrome and Perceived Indoor Air Quality in Hospitals: A Four-Month Longitudinal Study." Occup Environ Med. 51(10):638-8. 1994 Oct.
14. Reinikainen, LM, Aunela-Tapola, L, Jaakkola, JJ. "Humidification and Perceived Indoor Air Quality in the Office Environment." Occup Environ Med. 54(5):322-7. 1997 May.
15. Stolwijk, JA. "Shelter and Indoor Air." Environ Health Perspect. 86:271-4. 1990 Jun.
16. Baur, X, Richter, G, Pethran, A, Czuppon, AB, Fruhmann, G. ["Diagnosis of Humidifier Lung: Comparison of Various Serologic Procedures."] Pneumologie. 45(10):794-8. 1991 Oct.
17. Hauck, R, Baur, X. ["Various Forms of Humidifier Lung."] Klin Wochenschr. 68(10):512-7. 1990 May.
18. Aggarwal, A, Edlich, RF, Himel, HN. "Steam Vaporizer Burn Injuries." J Emerg Med. 13(1):55-8. 1995 Jan-Feb.
19. van Houdt, JJ, Jongen, WM, Alink, GM, Boleij, JS. "Mutagenic Activity of Airborne Particles Inside and Outside Homes." Environ Mutagen. 6(6):861-9. 1984.
20. Krieger P, de Blay, F, Pauli G, Kopferschmitt, MC. ["Asthma and Household Chemical Pollutants (with the Exception of Tobacco)".] Rev Mal Respir. 15(1):11-24. 1998 Feb.
21. Hoppe, P, Martinac, I. Indoor Climate and Air Quality: A Review of Current and Future Topics in the Filed of ISB Study Group 10. Int J Biometeorl. 42(1):1-7. 1998 Aug.
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